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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean

CLKs' awareness and ability to tap into the benefits of relationships as well as learner-internal elements, were important. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as an important factor in their pragmatic choice to avoid criticising the strictness of a professor (see the second example).

This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published until 2020. It focuses on key pragmatic issues such as:

Discourse Construction Tests

The discourse completion test (DCT) is a widely used instrument in research that is based on pragmatic principles. It has numerous advantages, but also a few disadvantages. The DCT for instance, is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Additionally it is also the case that the DCT can be biased and may cause overgeneralizations. Therefore, it should be analyzed carefully prior to using it for research or assessment purposes.

(Image: [[https://pragmatickr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/98EBBC91ECA4-B2ECB48AECACA6EDB88AEA8C9DEDB8.png]])Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable instrument to study the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps can be a benefit. This feature can be used to study the impact of prosody in different cultural contexts.

In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most useful tools to study the behavior of communication learners. It can be used to investigate many issues, such as politeness, turn-taking, and the choices made in lexical use. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners' speech.

Recent research utilized an DCT as an instrument to test the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were presented with a list of scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options provided. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other methods for refusing like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other types of data collection methods.

(Image: [[https://pragmatickr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/A1ED8C84EC80-8AECB49DEB8C-80EC98ACEBA4.png|https://pragmatickr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/A1ED8C84EC80-8AECB49DEB8C-80EC98ACEBA4.png]])DCTs are often created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, such as content and form. These criterion are intuitive and is based on the assumptions made by the test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more study on alternative methods for testing refusal competence.

In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and used hints less than email data.

Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)

This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced by four factors such as their personality and multilingual identities,  [[http://www.tianxiaputao.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=561979|프라그마틱 홈페이지]] their current lives and their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.

The MQ data were analyzed to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of a pragmatic resistance. Interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing an atypical behavior in certain situations.

The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, leading to a lack of understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to move toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14, they favored converging to L1 norms.

The RIs revealed that CLKs knew about their practical resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two independent coders, were then coded. The coders worked in an iterative manner and involved the coders reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results are then compared with the original RI transcripts to determine if they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.

Interviews for refusal

The most important problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners choose not to accept native-speaker norms? A recent study sought to answer this question by employing a variety of research tools, including DCTs, MQs, and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs either in their L1 or their L2. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were asked think about their responses to the DCT situations.

The results showed that CLKs on average, did not adhere to the norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce native-like patterns. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their resistance to learner-internal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also referred external factors, such as relational advantages. For example,  [[https://m1bar.com/user/whiphoe9/|프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험]] they described how their relationships with professors led to more relaxed performance in regards to the intercultural and linguistic standards of their university.

The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could be subject to if their local social norms were violated. They were worried that their native interactants might perceive them as "foreigners" and believe they are unintelligent. This was a concern similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).

These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will allow them to better understand the impact of different cultural environments on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. Moreover it will assist educators to create more effective methods for teaching and testing korea pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.

Case Studies

The case study method is a method that employs in-depth, participant-centered investigations to investigate a specific topic. This method makes use of multiple data sources including interviews, observations, and documents to confirm its findings. This type of investigation can be used to analyze complicated or unique subjects that are difficult for other methods to measure.

In a case study the first step is to clearly define both the subject and  [[http://40.118.145.212/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=6532901|프라그마틱 무료체험]] [[https://anotepad.com/notes/fe3w8qqq|슬롯]] 하는법 ([[http://sting3d.xyz/user/salmoncross5/|http://sting3d.xyz/]]) the purpose of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject are important for investigation and which ones are best left out. It is also helpful to read the literature to gain a better knowledge of the subject and place the situation in a larger theoretical context.

This case study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its Korean-specific benchmarks, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study revealed that L2 Korean learners were extremely susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to choose incorrect answer options that were literal interpretations of the prompts, deviating from precise pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their answers.

Moreover, the participants of this case study were L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or third year at university and were hoping to achieve level 6 in their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC and comprehension and pragmatic awareness.

Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations that involved interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. The interviewees were asked to justify their choice. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and so she refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having the burden of a job, even though she believed that native Koreans would do so.

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